Poets in the Asylum

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Epping Forest

Epping Forest is a lovely, dark and deep 6,000 acre woodland in Essex near where I grew up. It is all that remains of a 60,000 acre ancient forest steeped in history and legend. Some of the gnarled beeches and oaks date to Anglo-Saxon times and the forest hides the traces of two Iron Age forts. In Medieval times it was a favorite hunting ground for England’s kings. To this day the sight of a white stag is said to be an omen of death. Queen Elizabeth I’s hunting lodge still stands at the edge of the forest, but 18th century highwayman Dick Turpin’s secret hideaway cave is still a secret. Among the ghosts said to haunt the forest is Queen Boudica, who fought a battle against the Romans nearby, and Kate of the Hollow, a poor servant girl seduced by the Lord of the Manor who of course had to drown herself and her baby in a woodland pond. Another pond where young lovers died in a suicide pact is said to lure unsuspecting walkers to their deaths. The forest has more than earned its title the scariest woodland in England. In modern times it is a favorite place for London area murderers to bury the bodies. In the 1960’s the notorious East End gangsters the Kray twins regularly used it as a dumping ground for their sins.

A spooky ancient tree
Queen Elizabeth I’s hunting lodge

In my youth I thought of the towns surrounding the forest, Epping, Waltham Abbey, and Chingford, as places where the posh people lived. For picnics and hikes we favored Hainault, a much smaller remnant of the ancient forest that was a short bus ride away. I did not realize then that Hainault is so small because it fell victim to the Enclosure Movement in the nineteenth century. Epping itself was spared because attempts at enclosure sparked a mass protest movement. Legislation protecting the area passed in 1878 and Queen Victoria declared it The People’s Forest.

It was in the nineteenth century that one of Epping’s most curious histories unfolded, the story of a Victorian mental institution where the lives of two poets briefly converged.

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A Hidden Gem in Dublin

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Well The Little Museum of Dublin is not exactly hidden, it’s an imposing Georgian mansion standing in full view of St. Stephen’s Green, the spacious park in the heart of Dublin. But it is certainly a gem, as we discovered on our whirlwind five day tour of Ireland with four teenage boys. The ratio of adults to teens was one on one but we often felt outnumbered. It was a scenario fit for a National Lampoon family vacation spoof. The Little Museum was our first stop on Day One when we were jet lagged after an overnight flight. Would the sleepy teens have patience for viewing exhibits about Dublin history? But I needn’t have worried. The Little Museum is an experience, not a collection of exhibits. That’s the new buzzword in museums. Last time we visited Ireland we saw the Book of Kells exhibit at Trinity College. This year we had the Book of Kells experience, an immersive digital presentation that feels like stepping inside the book itself and the world of the medieval monks who created it. Absolutely wonderful!

Absolutely wonderful too was The Little Museum of Dublin experience. We were ushered into an elegant drawing room with an eclectic mix of seating. I perched on the fender stool by the fireplace. A door opened and a tall dapper gentleman wielding an impressive cane strode into the room. He looked as though he could have walked the streets of Dublin at any time in the last hundred years. This was our guide Evan who would present The Little Museum’s famous 29 minute tale of Dublin history. It was no dull lecture. It was a performance that soon had everyone engaged, even our hard to impress teens: a masterful combination of vivid storytelling, wit, audience engagement, and even a magic trick or two! Soon the boys were laughing and speaking up. Most in the room were American so when I spoke up my accent gave me away. Afraid of becoming a symbol of England’s cruel history of oppression in Ireland I hastened to assure Evan that I’m actually half Irish and half Flemish. The audience ceased their accusing glances when Oliver Cromwell was mentioned.

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The Antichrist’s Lewd Hat

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For my series On My Bookshelf I pick the book in my library with the weirdest title.

I could have titled this Pamphlets in Early Modern England or Post-Reformation Pamphlets, but like the author of the book I went with the more intriguing title, click bait you could say. Peter Lake doesn’t get around to explaining the odd title till page 584 of a 731 page book. I promise I won’t make you wait that long.

I confess I bought the book impulsively because of the title and a quick glance inside telling me it is about pamphlets, the early modern equivalent of today’s tabloids and sensational news websites. I shared an interest in historical pamphlets with my late brother Paul (Frank Key) who began creating little pamphlets as a child. His first published works were pamphlets printed by Malice Aforethought Press, a project he started with university friends. One of the eccentric characters he created for his imaginary world of Hooting Yard is Dobson, a prolific out-of-print pamphleteer.

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The Library of Lost…?

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The word “Library” jumped out at me of course. Then the word “Lost.” But lost what? The next word of the title was obscured by the library label. Intrigued, I pulled the oversized book from the new nonfiction shelf of my local library. Immediately I knew I would check it out. The missing word was “Maps.” The Library of Lost Maps by James Cheshire with the enigmatic subtitle An archive of a world in progress. That was full of promise. I’ve always loved old maps. I have a collection of books of old maps, framed prints of old maps, and a few originals. I even chose an image from the 1606 Hondius map of Virginia and Florida for my website logo.

Geography professor James Cheshire’s book is about his discovery of a forgotten archive of old maps in the basement of University College London. Here he describes his first visit as he followed the scent of aging paper swirling around the basement:

I followed this distinctive aroma as it took me to the right of the dingy lecture theatre I’d taught in many times, past the damp of a leaky water fountain and on into an unpromising corridor. On I went until I reached a scruffy turquoise door with the words “Map Room” affixed to it. I pushed at the handle, and, to my amazement, entered an Aladdin’s cave of cartographic treasures.

Inside he found 440 wooden drawers and tens of glass-fronted cabinets holding thousands of maps and hundreds of atlases left virtually untouched since the retirement of curator Anne Oxenham twenty years before. It was once a busy room with university professors and students using the maps for their lectures and assignments. Now digital maps have replaced them and paper map archives the world over have fallen silent.

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Rewilding England

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The English Lake District

This is my favorite landscape, the English Lake District. To me it’s the epitome of a natural landscape, wild and rugged,. with no sign of human interference. I recently learned it is anything but. The landscape as we know it today is the result of thousands of years of human activity, and of the sheep introduced by humans free grazing on the fells, cropping all the vegetation short.

According to the Rewilding Britain organization, it would look like this after fifty years of rewilding:

Rewilding Britain illustration

The fells of a rewilded Lake District would be covered in deciduous trees, shrubs, grasses, and wildflowers. There would be a richer diversity of wildlife, animals and birds not seen there for centuries.

I learned this by reading a work of fiction, Anna Hope’s Albion. The cover suggests a conventional English family saga or an Austen-inspired novel of manners. But according to the jacket blurb it is a “nuanced family saga of inheritance and accountability that shakes the country house novel to its foundations.” It begins conventionally enough with the Brooke family gathering for the funeral of their father Philip. Eldest daughter Frannie is inheriting the estate which has been in the family since the eighteenth century. The original landscape was designed by the (real) garden designer Humphrey Repton, a leading proponent of the natural parkland style. Of course this style was not “natural” at all. It can be seen in the famous Gainsborough portrait Mr. and Mrs. Andrews, the young couple’s status confirmed by the sweeping parkland that takes up most of the picture.

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A Flemish Folksong

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The Wedding Dance, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1566

I like to think that the revelers in Bruegel’s wedding scene are dancing to the popular Flemish tune T’andernaken. Originally a folksong, the piece was arranged for instruments by many 15th and 16th century composers including Jacob Obrecht, and Ludwig Senfl, There is even a setting by Henry VIII who somehow found time between marriages and beheadings to compose some admirable music.

I have heard the tune performed several times over the years by the Medieval and Renaissance music group The Folger Consort, usually as an instrumental but twice the sung folksong. In 2012 it was included in the program City of Ladies: The Musical World of 15th Century Burgundy. It was a lovely surprise to hear a song in Flemish, the language that surrounded me in my childhood. Many of the Folger concerts include songs in Latin, French, German, Italian, and Spanish, but it was a special treat to hear Flemish. The moment occurred again this Valentine’s Day in the concert Love Songs of the 15th Century. The program promised two instrumental settings of T’andernaken, the earliest, by Tyting,, and another by Antoine Brunel. But apparently tenor Jason McStoots could not resist the opportunity to sing the folksong and gave us a lively impromptu performance.

From The Folger Consort’s program notes by Consort director Robert Eisenstein:

T’andernacken is a Flemish folksong that became for some reason the basis for some of the earliest, purely instrumental pieces in the 15th-century repertoire… Composers vied with each other in fashioning more and more virtuosic settings of the tune, and it was popular well into the 16th century.  

T’andernaken was first published in The Antwerp Songbook in 1544. As a love song it is far different in tone from the Courtly Love tradition of the period. It is in the folk tradition of songs that tell a story of ordinary people, their heartaches and misadventures in love. It is a cautionary tale that women across the ages can recognize and to me it has a distinctly Flemish sensibility; the hard knocks of life met with earthy humor, unvarnished realism, and determination to enjoy life despite all.

The story is narrated by a man who reports on a conversation he overheard between two young women in the town of Andernach:

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In The Bleak Midwinter

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As we shiver through this bitter winter a favorite carol I listened to again over Christmas keeps playing through my head:

In the bleak midwinter, frosty wind made moan,
Earth stood hard as iron, water like a stone;
Snow had fallen, snow on snow, snow on snow,
In the bleak midwinter, long ago.

When I first heard the haunting melody and read the lyrics decades ago I thought it was a medieval carol. It seemed to share a sensibility with three of my favorites, The Coventry Carol, There is No Rose, and the Corpus Christi Carol. But no, it is a poem by the Victorian poet Christina Rossetti set to music by Gustav Holst. But perhaps I did pick up some medieval vibes for Christina was the sister of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, the leading medievalist of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. This group of artists were dedicated to returning painting to the era before Raphael. They believed that the spiritual and creative integrity of medieval art had been lost. They particularly despised Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder of the Royal Academy of Arts, nicknaming him Sir Sloshua, sloshy being their term for inauthentic and conventional art. (So similar to the modern word slop for poor quality AI images). Many of Dante Gabriel’s paintings, like the one below, contain medieval iconography and characters in richly detailed medieval dress. The scene glimpsed through the window echoes similar scenes in Renaissance paintings.

St. George and Princess Sabra by Dante Gabriel Rossetti
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My Favorite Reading of 2025

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A Lady Reading by Eduardo-Leon Garrido

Best Books of the Year lists are everywhere as the year winds down and book lovers start anticipating the new releases of 2026. Here is my list of favorites from 2025.

Poetry

Collected Poems by Wendy Cope

I had never heard of Wendy Cope until I read a review of this collection and learned that she is celebrated in England for her wit and accessible style. Lauded by the literary world and also a bestseller, she writes of the joys, heartbreaks, and mundane moments of ordinary life. One of her poems, The Orange, went viral on TikTok gaining her a new generation of fans. It affirms the value of small pleasures to keep us going in a complicated world. I particularly enjoyed her gentle satires of pompous literati and her parodies of famous poets. She resisted being named Poet Laureate, even writing an irreverent satire of the “state occasion” verse required. Here is a taste of her sly wit, the poem The South Bank Poetry Library, London in its entirety:

This is a pleasant library. I’d enjoy every minute
But for the danger of meeting other poets in it.

Fiction

Bog Queen by Anna North

Seamus Heaney’s Bog Poems inspired the title of this tale of two women separated by two thousand years. Agnes is a forensic anthropologist called in to investigate a body found by peat diggers in a bog in northern England. At first the body is thought to be a missing local woman, but Agnes immediately recognizes that the wear pattern on the teeth indicates a much older origin. Perfectly preserved by the mossy bog environment, the woman is from the Iron Age, the early days of Roman Britain. In alternating chapters we follow the Druid priestess’s account of her journey to the Roman capital of Camulodunum and Agnes’s investigation into the cause of her death. A stab wound is ruled out because there are signs of healing. In the Druid’s narrative we learn of the violent encounter with a rival clan that caused the wound and how it was treated. Agnes’s work is complicated by a conflict with environmentalists who want to stop both the peat diggers and the archeological dig. The bog itself is a living character, speaking out at intervals to comment on human affairs and its sacred role in receiving the bodies of the dead. Enriched by the author’s research into Iron Age life and a lyrical writing style, this is a captivating read.

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The Tudor Autopen

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Henry VIII’s signature

On 30th December 1546 King Henry VIII lay dying, bloated beyond recognition and in excruciating pain from a festering wound on his leg, the result of a jousting accident years before. When his councillors brought him the final revision of his will he was too weak to hold a pen. So the document was signed using the dry stamp, a Tudor version of the autopen which has become so controversial recently. The dry stamp was a mechanism screwed onto paper to make an impression of the king’s signature, which was then inked over by one of his officials. Henry had authorized the use of this device in 1545 as his infirmities grew more severe.

Jefferson’s Polygraph Machine

Our current autopen issue is just another of the baseless scandals “trumped” up by President Trump and his acolytes to serve his interests. If autopen signatures on the pardons issued by President Biden can be declared invalid, then Trump is free to charge all his enemies with imaginary crimes. In fact many presidents as far back as Thomas Jefferson, including Trump himself, have used some type of autopen to sign official documents. Jefferson called his Polygraph Machine “the finest invention of the present age.” Richard Nixon, Lyndon Johnson, John F. Kennedy, and many other presidents routinely used an autopen. The question of its legality was definitively answered during the George W. Bush presidency in a 2005 memo from the Office of Legal Counsel. The challenge to Biden’s autopen signatures is unlikely to change history. But the case of Henry VIII’s will was of far more consequence for the history of the English monarchy.

Henry’s complicated marital history and mercurial temperament had necessitated passing three different Succession Acts during his reign. The first two disinherited his daughters Mary and Elizabeth, declaring them illegitimate because his marriages to their mothers Catherine of Aragon and Ann Boleyn were invalidated, by divorce and treason respectively. The third Succession Act of 1543 named Edward, his longed for son by third wife Jane Seymour, as his heir. Mary and Elizabeth were declared legitimate after all and reinstated to the succession order if Edward died childless. If all three should die childless, an unlikely outcome that would actually come to pass, then the succession should follow Henry’s last will. The act included the fateful language that the succession order in his will would be valid if “signed with his most gracious hand.”

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Beyond Blue and White

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The first thing I want to say about this new addition to my bookshelf is that I absolutely adore the cover. I don’t believe in judging a book by its cover, but I do judge book covers. I follow the Best Book Covers of the Year lists and pass my own judgements on the latest design hits and misses. When will the cliche of the “young woman seen from behind” covers be over? The current fashion is for splashes of garish color and odd images designed to shock or defy explanation. In contrast this cover is an inspired fusion of subject and image. The perfect Delft blue color, of course, and the woman-shaped shard of Delftware have an instant visual appeal and tell the story of the book’s contents – the revelation that many of the famous Delft potteries of the 17th and 18th centuries were owned and managed by women.

Genevieve Wheeler Brown is a decorative art advisor who stumbled on this story by chance when she was asked to appraise a large collection of Delftware stored in the New York headquarters of a women’s art organization. When she stepped into the room, untouched for decades, she was amazed to find a superb collection of over seventy-five blue and white Delftware objects, an overwhelming display of beauty and craftsmanship in a myriad shapes and sizes. This treasure, she learned, had been acquired in the Gilded Age when a fashion for collecting Delftware had obsessed wealthy New York socialites. Brown soon became obsessed herself with researching the history of Delftware.

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